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Chapter
2: The Context of Early Childhood Special Education
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. This inclusive term generally refers to individuals who differ
from societal or community standards of normalcy.
|
a.
|
Gifted children
|
c.
|
Exceptional children
|
|
b.
|
Children with developmental delays
|
d.
|
Children who are special
|
ANS: C REF: p. 24
2. When professionals talk about a disability, they are referring to
_____________.
|
a.
|
a group of children
in special education settings
|
|
b.
|
cognitive delays of children
|
|
c.
|
the inability of an individual to do something a certain
way
|
|
d.
|
the ability to do something differently
|
ANS: C REF: p. 24
3. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act
Amendment of 2004 (IDEA) defines a student with a disability according to how
many distinct categories?
|
a.
|
Seven
|
c.
|
Ten
|
|
b.
|
Thirteen
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d.
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Nine
|
ANS: B REF: p. 27
4. It is imperative that teachers focus on the _________ and not the
impairment.
|
a.
|
parent
|
c.
|
child
|
|
b.
|
professionals
|
d.
|
IEP
|
ANS: C REF: p. 28
5. When professionals talk about children being at-risk, they are
speaking about children who _____________.
|
a.
|
have been formally diagnosed
with a disability
|
|
b.
|
have been formally tested by
a specialist
|
|
c.
|
have not been formally identified
as having a disability
|
|
d.
|
have been informally identified
as having a disability
|
ANS: C REF: p. 26
6. Children with a diagnosed medical disorder of known etiology and
predictable prognosis or outcome are considered to manifest a(n) _____________.
|
a.
|
established risk
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c.
|
developmental risk
|
|
b.
|
biological risk
|
d.
|
risk at birth
|
ANS: A REF: p. 26
7. Children with exceptionalities are to be educated to the maximum
extent appropriate, with typical students.
|
a.
|
Free and Appropriate Public Education
|
c.
|
Individualized Education Program
|
|
b.
|
Least Restrictive Environment
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d.
|
Procedural due process
|
ANS: B REF: p. 28
8. What public law is viewed as a “Bill of Rights” for children with
exceptionalities and their families?
|
a.
|
PL 101-476
|
c.
|
PL 105-17
|
|
b.
|
PL 94-142
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d.
|
IDEA 2004
|
ANS: B REF: p. 28
9. The right to a free appropriate public education (FAPE) is for
_____________.
|
a.
|
children with disabilities
|
c.
|
all children
|
|
b.
|
children who are at-risk
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d.
|
diagnosed children
|
ANS: C REF: p. 28
10. The preschool provision of PL 99-457 is _____________.
|
a.
|
Part A
|
c.
|
Part C
|
|
b.
|
Part B
|
d.
|
Part D
|
ANS: B REF: p. 31
11. Which component of the PL 99-457 created the Handicapped Infants and
Toddlers Program, a new provision aimed at children from birth through age two
with developmental delays or disabilities?
|
a.
|
Part C
|
c.
|
Part D
|
|
b.
|
Part B
|
d.
|
all of the above
|
ANS: A REF: p. 33
12. An individualized family service plan (IFSP) is similar to a(n)
_____________.
|
a.
|
assessment plan
|
c.
|
individual education program
|
|
b.
|
statement of services
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d.
|
statement of goals and objectives
|
ANS: C REF: p. 34
13. The focus of the IFSP is on the _____________.
|
a.
|
family
|
c.
|
school
|
|
b.
|
child
|
d.
|
environment
|
ANS: A REF: 34
14. An IFSP must be reviewed every _______ to assess its continual
appropriateness.
|
a.
|
year
|
c.
|
three years
|
|
b.
|
three months
|
d.
|
six months
|
ANS: D REF: 34
15. PL 108-446 requires that ______ students participate in all state-
and district-wide assessments.
|
a.
|
50%
|
c.
|
all
|
|
b.
|
80%
|
d.
|
none of the above
|
ANS: C REF: p. 37
16. The number of young children with special needs receiving services
has increased dramatically over the past several years due to _____________.
|
a.
|
legislative enactments
|
|
b.
|
greater awareness of the benefits of Early Intervention
|
|
c.
|
litigation
|
|
d.
|
all of the above
|
ANS: D REF: p. 39
17. A ____________ of eligibility for special education may not occur
more than once per year, unless agreed to by the school district and parent.
|
a.
|
review
|
c.
|
reevaluation
|
|
b.
|
rewrite
|
d.
|
report
|
ANS: C REF: p. 37
18. PL 93-112, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, is a __________ law.
|
a.
|
disability
|
c.
|
parent rights
|
|
b.
|
civil rights
|
d.
|
federal and state
|
ANS: B REF: p. 46
19. The centerpiece of our nation's efforts on behalf of vulnerable
children and their families is ____________.
|
a.
|
early intervention
|
c.
|
federal law
|
|
b.
|
parent-driven assessments
|
d.
|
IEP
|
ANS: A REF: p. 40
20. ____________ remains as one of the few truly longitudinal studies of
intervention effectiveness.
|
a.
|
Kirk
|
c.
|
Guralnick
|
|
b.
|
Skeels and Dye
|
d.
|
Hanson and Lynch
|
ANS: B REF: p. 43
21. A comprehensive statistical integration approach known as __________
incorporates a range of experimental designs in an attempt to detect global
statistical patterns.
|
a.
|
metacognition
|
c.
|
standardized charting
|
|
b.
|
meta-analysis
|
d.
|
non-standardized documentation
|
ANS: B REF: p. 44
22. ___________ looks at the interrelationships and interactions of
individuals within the environment.
|
a.
|
Etiology
|
c.
|
Ecology
|
|
b.
|
Biology
|
d.
|
Community studies
|
ANS: C REF: p. 45
23. The __________ is one of Bronfenbrenner’s four environments and
identifies the relationships between various microsystems.
|
a.
|
macrosystem
|
c.
|
mesosystem
|
|
b.
|
exosystem
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d.
|
chronosystem
|
ANS: C REF: p. 46
24. According to Bronfenbrenner and Morris, the interaction and
influence of historical time on the four systems supporting a child is called
the _____________.
|
a.
|
chronosystem
|
c.
|
exosystem
|
|
b.
|
microsystem
|
d.
|
mesosystem
|
ANS: A REF: p. 47
25. Successful program planning and intervention must take into
consideration the fact that the child is part of a system that interacts within
his or her ____________.
|
a.
|
family
|
c.
|
environment
|
|
b.
|
community
|
d.
|
school
|
ANS: C REF: p. 47
26. This document is an individually tailored statement describing an
educational plan for each learner with exceptionalities.
|
a.
|
IFSP
|
c.
|
IEP
|
|
b.
|
Report card
|
d.
|
none of the above
|
ANS: C REF: p. 28
27. School districts will be required to determine the eligibility of a
student to receive a special education and the educational needs of the child
within a ________ time frame.
|
a.
|
30-day
|
c.
|
6-month
|
|
b.
|
60-day
|
d.
|
15-day
|
ANS: B REF: p. 37
28. Part C of PL 99-457 is for _____________.
|
a.
|
infants and toddlers
|
c.
|
children between birth and 21 years
|
|
b.
|
children between birth and 5 years
|
d.
|
children between birth and 18 years
|
ANS: A REF: p. 31
29. PL 102-119 changed the terminology from case management to_________.
|
a.
|
service coordinator
|
c.
|
service coordination
|
|
b.
|
special education
|
d.
|
the IEP
|
ANS: C REF: 34
30. PL 102-119 permit states to use a _____________ label when
identifying preschoolers with special needs.
|
a.
|
categorical
|
c.
|
noncategorical
|
|
b.
|
categorical and noncategorical
|
d.
|
none of the above
|
ANS: C REF: p. 35
TRUE/FALSE
1. The inability of an individual to do something in a certain way is
called a handicap.
ANS: F
2. Exceptional children will not require early intervention or an
educational program customized to their unique needs.
ANS: F
3. Early childhood special education is typically used when talking
about the provision of customized services uniquely crafted to meet the
individual needs of young children.
ANS: T
4. Down syndrome is one of the thirteen distinct categories of
students with disabilities.
ANS: F
5. Many professionals believe that the use of a categorical
disability label for most children is of questionable value, and unfairly
stigmatizes children.
ANS: T
6. A delay expressed in terms of language is one of the various
criteria used by states when qualifying a developmental delay.
ANS: F
7. When professionals discuss children who have not been formally
identified as having disabilities, but who may be developing conditions that
will limit their success in school, they are referring to children being below
percentile.
ANS: F
8. Section 504 is a law that protects children with physical
impairments only.
ANS: F
9. Within Section 504, there is a mandate to educate pupils with
special needs with their typical peers to the maximum extent possible.
ANS: T
10. Over the past several years, because of medical technology combined
with advanced education and research, the number of infants and toddlers
receiving early intervention services has steadily declined.
ANS: F
SHORT ANSWER
1. How would you define a child being at risk?
ANS:
Children
who have not been formally identified as having a disability but who may be
developing conditions that will limit their success in school or lead to
disabilities is a child at risk.
2. What are the thirteen distinct categories of 2004 (IDEA) (PL
108-446)?
ANS:
See
Table 2-1 on page 29 for a list of the 13 categories.
3. Why did Congress not establish a national definition of
developmental delay?
ANS:
Because
of the tremendous diversity of criteria found in the various meaning of the
term.
4. Describe the term environmental risk.
ANS:
Life
experiences and/or environmental conditions like extreme poverty, child abuse,
absence of adequate shelter and medical care, parental substance abuse and
limited opportunities for nurturance and social stimulation.
5. Identify one landmark legislation example that has dramatically
affected the educational opportunities for infants, toddlers, preschool
children, and school-age children with special needs.
ANS:
See
Table 2-4 on pages 33-36.
6. In terms of family rights, what significantly changed in the
service delivery for infants and toddlers with the passage of PL 99-457?
ANS:
Families
had no recourse for complaints prior to the passage of PL 99-457. Currently, procedural safeguards are in
place.
7. As promulgated in PL 99-457, what components must be in the IFSP?
ANS:
Listed
components are on page 34.
8. Give two examples of “reasonable accommodations” under the
requirements of Section 504.
ANS:
May
include behavior management plan, assignment of an aide, related services such
as occupational therapy, physical therapy, or speech and language therapy.
9. What is the purpose of early intervention?
ANS:
The
purpose of early intervention is to positively affect the overall development
of the child’s social, emotional, physical, and intellectual well-being.
10. Enumerate and briefly describe the four environments in which people
develop according to Bronfenbrenner.
ANS:
Microsystem
– immediate environment
Mesosystem
– relationships between various microsystems
Exosystems
– social structures that impacts individual development
Macrosystems
– cultural and institutional contexts in which the preceding systems are embedded
ESSAY
1. Discuss several advantages in using the term developmental delay
rather than using a specific category in identifying young children with
disabilities.
ANS:
Answer
should include placement, services, and program/services delivery to meet
individual needs, and the issue of misidentification.
2. Why is it important to intervene early?
ANS:
Answer
should include answers on Table 2-8 and listed rationale on page 41.
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